Clinical Information

Acylcarnitine analysis is included in newborn screening blood tests and is utilized for detection of several inborn errors of metabolism, including fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAOD) and organic acidemias (OA). A limitation of this analytic method is its inability to differentiate between several isomers. Additional testing of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid (2OH-GA), 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3OH-GA), glutaric acid (GA), methylsuccinic acid (MSA), and ethylmalonic acid (EMA) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry allows better differentiation among C4-acylcarnitine and glutarylcarnitine/C10-OH isomers.

C4-acylcarnitine represents both butyrylcarnitine and isobutyrylcarnitine and is elevated in short-chain acyl Co-A dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency, isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IBDH) deficiency, and ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE). SCAD deficiency is a condition affecting fatty acid metabolism with reported symptoms of hypoglycemia, lethargy, developmental delays, and failure to thrive. There is controversy on whether a biochemical diagnosis necessarily confers clinical symptoms. IBDH deficiency is characterized by cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, and developmental delays, although many individuals with IBDH deficiency are asymptomatic. EE is a rare progressive encephalopathy associated with hypotonia, seizures, and abnormal movements.

Individuals with SCAD deficiency demonstrate elevated plasma EMA and MSA levels and individuals with EE show only elevations in EMA, while individuals with IBDH deficiency do not typically have elevations in either EMA or MSA.

Glutarylcarnitine (C5-DC) is elevated in glutaric acidemia type I (GA1) but is not differentiated from C10-OH acylcarnitine. GA1 is caused by a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and is characterized by bilateral striatal brain injury leading to dystonia, often a result of acute neurologic crises triggered by illness. Individuals with GA1 typically show elevations of GA and 3OH-GA, even in those considered to be "low excretors."

Glutaric acidemia type II (GA2), also known as multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), is caused by defects in either the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. This disease can be severe and is often fatal in the first weeks of life with typical symptoms of hypoglycemia, muscle weakness, metabolic acidosis, dysmorphic features, cardiac defects or arrhythmias, renal cysts, and fatty infiltration of the liver. GA2 can have a milder presentation, also known as ethylmalonic-adipic aciduria, with Reye-like illnesses in childhood and muscle weakness in childhood and adulthood. In addition to elevations in GA, individuals with GA2 can also show increased EMA, MSA, and 2OH-GA.

The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Newborn Screening Work Group published diagnostic algorithms for the follow-up of infants who had a positive newborn screening result. For more information see www.acmg.net.